Gestational trophoblastic disease updated management

1. Hancock B.W., Nazir K., Everard J.E. Persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after partial hydatidiform mole incidence and outcome. J Reprod Med. 51 (10): 2006; 764–766
2. Seckl M.J., Sebire N.J., Berkowitz R.S. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Lancet. 376 (9742): 2010; 717–729
3. Lurain J.R. Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203 (6): 2010; 531–539
4. Martin B.H., Kim J.H. Changes in gestational trophoblastic tumors over four decades. A Korean experience. J Reprod Med. 43 (1): 1998; 60–68
5. Steigrad S.J. Epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 17 (6): 2003; 837–847
6. Loukovaara M., Pukkala E., Lehtovirta P., Leminen A. Epidemiology of hydatidiform mole in

Finland, 1975 to 2001. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 26 (2): 2005; 207–208

1. Lybol C., Thomas C.M., Bulten J., et al. Increase in the incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease in The Netherlands. Gynecol Oncol. 121 (2): 2011; 334–338
2. Clement P.B., Young R.H., Trophoblastic lesions, miscellaneous primary uterine neoplasms, hematopoietic neoplasms, and metastatic neoplasms to the uterus. Clement P.B., Young R.H. Atlas of Gynecologic Surgical Pathology. 3rd ed. 2014; Saunders, Elsevier Inc: Oxford; 284–310
3. Fisher R.A., Hodges M.D., Rees H.C., Sebire N.J., Seckl M.J., Newlands E.S., et al. The maternally transcribed gene p57(KIP2) (CDNK1C) is abnormally expressed in both androgenetic and biparental complete hydatidiform moles. Hum Mol Genet. 11 (26): 2002; 3267–3272
4. Shen D.H., Khoo U.S., Ngan H.Y., Ng T.Y., Chau M.T., Xue W.C., et al. Coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and choriocarcinoma of the uterus following a chemoresistant hydatidiform mole. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 127 (7): 2003; e291–e293
5. Chen B.J., Cheng C.J., Chen W.Y. Transformation of a post‐cesarean section placental site nodule into a coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor: a case report. Diagn Pathol. 8: 2013; 85
6. Luk W.Y., Friedlander M. A fibroid or cancer? A rare case of mixed choriocarcinoma and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013: 2013; 492754
7. Kaur B., Short D., Fisher R.A., Savage P.M., Seckl M.J., Sebire N.J. Atypical placental site nodule (APSN) and association with the malignant gestational trophoblastic disease; a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 34 (2): 2015; 152–158
8. Ngan H.Y., Bender H., Benedet J.L., Jones H., Montruccoli G.C., Pecorelli S., et al. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, FIGO 2000 staging, and classification. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 83 (Suppl. 1): 2003; 175–177
9. Cole L.A. Hyperglycosylated hCG, a review. Placenta. 31 (8): 2010; 653–664
10. Ngan H.Y., Kohorn E.I., Cole L.A., Kurman R.J., Kim S.J., Lurain J.R., et al. Trophoblastic disease. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 119 (Suppl. 2): 2012; S130–S136
11. Sebire N.J., Foskett M., Short D., Savage P., Stewart W., Thomson M., et al. Shortened duration of human chorionic gonadotrophin surveillance following complete or partial hydatidiform mole: evidence for the revised protocol of a UK regional trophoblastic disease unit. BJOG. 114 (6): 2007; 760–762
12. Costa H.L., Doyle P. Influence of oral contraceptives in the development of post‐molar trophoblastic neoplasia–a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol. 100 (3): 2006; 579–585
13. Matsui H., Iitsuka Y., Suzuka K., Seki K., Sekiya S. Subsequent pregnancy outcome in patients with spontaneous resolution of HCG after the evacuation of hydatidiform mole: comparison between complete and partial mole. Hum Reprod. 16 (6): 2001; 1274–1277
14. Sebire N.J., Fisher R.A., Foskett M., Rees H., Seckl M.J., Newlands E.S. Risk of recurrent hydatidiform mole and subsequent pregnancy outcome following complete or partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy. BJOG. 110 (1): 2003; 22–26
15. Tse K.Y., Ngan H.Y. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 26 (3): 2012; 357–370
16. Fisher R.A., Hodges M.D., Newlands E.S. Familial recurrent hydatidiform mole: a review. J Reprod Med. 49 (8): 2004; 595–601
17. Williams D., Hodgetts V., Gupta J. Recurrent hydatidiform moles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 150 (1): 2010; 3–7
18. Ulker V., Gurkan H., Tozkir H., Karaman V., Ozgur H., Numanoglu C., et al. Novel NLRP7 mutations in a familial recurrent hydatidiform mole: are NLRP7 mutations a risk for recurrent reproductive wastage?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 170 (1): 2013; 188–192
19. Sebire N.J., Foskett M., Paradinas F.J., Fisher R.A., Francis R.J., Short D., et al. Outcome of twin pregnancies with complete hydatidiform mole and healthy co‐twin. Lancet. 359 (9324): 2002; 2165–2166
20. Azzam M., Tidy J., Hancock B.W., Osborne R., Lawrie T.A. First‐line chemotherapy in low‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7: 2012; CD007102
21. National Cancer Institute website, http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=725211&version=HealthProfessional&protocolsearchid=8014242
22. McNeish I.A., Strickland S., Holden L., Rustin G.J., Foskett M., Seckl M.J., et al. Low‐risk persistent gestational trophoblastic disease: outcome after initial treatment with low‐dose methotrexate and folinic acid from 1992 to 2000. J Clin Oncol. 20 (7): 2002; 1838–1844
23. McGrath S., Short D., Harvey R., Schmid P., Savage P.M., Seckl M.J. The management and outcome of women with post‐hydatidiform mole ‘low‐risk’ gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, but hCG levels in excess of 100 000 IU l(− 1). Br J Cancer. 102 (5): 2010; 810–814
24. Lurain J.R. Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204 (1): 2011; 11–18
25. Deng L., Zhang J., Wu T., Lawrie T.A. Combination chemotherapy for primary treatment of high‐risk gestational trophoblastic tumor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: 2013; CD005196
26. Ahamed E., Short D., North B., et al. Survival of women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and liver metastases: is it improving?. J Reprod Med. 57 (5–6): 2012; 262–269
27. Neubauer N.L., Latif N., Kalakota K., Marymont M., Small W. Jr, Schink J.C., et al. Brain metastasis in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: an update. J Reprod Med. 57 (7–8): 2012; 288–292
28. Newlands E.S., Holden L., Seckl M.J., McNeish I., Strickland S., Rustin G.J. Management of brain metastases in patients with high‐risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 47 (6): 2002; 465–471
29. Crawford R.A., Newlands E., Rustin G.J., Holden L., A'Hern R., Bagshawe K.D. Gestational trophoblastic disease with liver metastases: the Charing Cross experience. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 104 (1): 1997; 105–109
30. Alifrangis C., Agarwal R., Short D., Fisher R.A., Sebire N.J., Harvey R., et al. EMA/CO for high‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: good outcomes with induction low‐dose etoposide‐cisplatin and genetic analysis. J Clin Oncol. 31 (2): 2013; 280–286
31. Piura E., Piura B. Brain metastases from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: a review of pertinent literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 35 (4): 2014; 359–367