Osteoinductive Factor and Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Literature Review

Diabetic kidney disease comprises a multifaceted etiopathology that includes glomerular hemodynamic changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), or the pathological alterations in the capillaries caused by diabetes mellitus (DM), is the major cause of end-stage renal disease in diabetic individuals worldwide. Proteinuria, among other elements, as a diagnostic biomarker for DN, is a late change, and so does not detect controlled early nephropathic alterations. This needs the development of novel biomarkers that are more sensitive, specific, and earlier than proteinuria. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are caused by DM, whereas glomerular hypertrophy, an increase in extracellular matrix, and glomerular sclerosis are caused by DN. Osteoglycin/Osteoinductive Factor (OGN) is a secretory small leucine-rich matrix/basement proteoglycan that regulates lipid and glucose metabolic activity, collagen fibrillogenesis, and cytokine availability in a paracrine/endocrine manner, and has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis, neovascularization, and angiogenesis. OGN is a pathogenic effector and biomarker that is extremely relevant to DM and DN because of these properties. OGN appears to be a better biomarker for DN than microalbuminuria, according to research. This literature review intended to offer the most recent findings relevant to OGN's DN biomarker potential.